Wetlands Grasslands Forests Magnitude Forest fires Pests Shrinking ranges Deforestation Other impacts What to do Wildlife

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Forests

Almost two-thirds of Manitoba is covered by forest. Leafy species like burr oak, trembling aspen and cottonwood dominate the warm, dry edge of the Prairies. Further north, black spruce thrives in lowland bogs and fens, while jackpine, poplar and white spruce occupy the uplands of the boreal forest. Throughout this vast expanse live some of Manitoba's most fantastic fauna - bears, moose, lynx, and wolves.

Our forests are a rich natural resource that draw thousands of visitors a year to fish, hunt, camp, canoe and hike. The boons aren't limited to tourism. First Nations communities are located throughout the forest and rely on its resources for food and other needs. Over 3300 Manitobans are directly employed by the forestry industry in logging and pulp production (1). At least 7000 others work in related fields, benefiting indirectly from the harvest of Manitoba's forests. Forests are Carbon Sinks

Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Through photosynthesis, they convert the carbon in carbon dioxide into structural material for growth. The world's forests lock down about 60 gigatons (billion tons) of carbon from the atmosphere every year (2). Because they are so effective in sequestering this greenhouse gas they are highly valued as carbon sinks.

Boreal forests account for 43% of carbon sequestered in all forests and their soils worldwide (3).

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Magnitude of impact

Climate change will have a major impact on Manitoba's forests. Northern latitudes are projected to feel the heat of climate change more than other regions of the globe. Winters are expected to be 6 - 12°C warmer, whereas summer averages will increase by 2 - 6°C. Such changes will fundamentally alter the growth and range of Manitoba's forests, affecting wildlife, tourism and forestry.

Worst of all, climate change could result in the mass release of terrestrial (stored in the soil and plants) carbon dioxide. Where boreal forests were once sinks that locked down carbon, they may become sources, compounding the effects of climate change.

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Forest fires

As carbon dioxide levels double in the atmosphere, the seasonal severity rating (SSR) for forest fires are expected to increase by 40%. In turn, the area burned by fires will also increase by the same amount. Canada's boreal forests are already burning out of control. Since 1977, the annual extent of burning in the north temperate and boreal forests has increased far and beyond the long-term trends in Canada (4).

Massive forest fires do more than destroy trees. As wood burns it releases carbon back into the atmosphere, freeing it from sequestration. But forests are far more than trees alone. Boreal forest soils also contain enormous amounts of carbon in the form of fallen leaves, needles and other organic matter.

Once the trees have been burned, boreal forest soils continue to release carbon for another 100 years (5).

Most forest fires in Canada are caused by lightning strikes. As the climate becomes warmer and drier, Manitoba's forests will become more vulnerable to fire.

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Pests

Insect pests directly affect tree health. Defoliating insects (leaf and/or needle eaters) are considered among the most important factors influencing the productivity of Manitoba's boreal forests (6). Climatic changes will affect the growth and reproduction of destructive pests like spruce budworm, forest tent caterpillar and jack pine budworm:

Climate limits the geographic distribution of pests. Late spring frosts help control outbreaks of insect pests in the northern reaches of the forest. The cold may be responsible for limiting insect damage at higher latitudes, effectively protecting the forest from mass defoliation. With increased global temperatures, killing frosts may no longer occur, allowing outbreaks to continue unabated in northern boreal forests.

Climate determines the growth rate of insects. The colder it is, the slower insects develop. Outbreaks of defoliators - particularly budworms - often collapse when natural predators overcome the insects in late larval stage (7). The longer the worms stay in vulnerable larval stage, the more likely they are to be preyed upon, preventing them from reaching maturity and reproducing. In a warming climate, larvae would mature (and eat!) faster.

According to some researchers, the effects of climate change are already at work. In the regions of greatest warming, outbreaks are larger and more destructive than before (8).

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Shrinking ranges

Manitoba's forests may actually shrink as the climate warms. In the south, warmer, drier conditions would lead to the loss of drought-intolerant species, especially economically important hardwoods such as aspen (9). As trees die, they would not grow back. Rather, they would be replaced with grasslands, forcing forest animals to retreat further north as their range shrinks.

The southern margin of the boreal forest will likely shift 150 - 200 km to the north (10).

At the northern reaches of the province the forest would not necessarily regain lost ground. While temperatures may allow for tree growth beyond the current range, the arctic soils would prevent the forest from spreading further.

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Deforestation

Deforestation contributes to climate change. Cleared land releases tonnes of greenhouse gases. Needles, leaves, branches and roots left behind by logging operations decompose and emit carbon dioxide and water vapour. Waterlogged peat soils rich in organic matter drain and dry up without trees to shade and stabilize them. When exposed to air, they decompose releasing methane and more carbon dioxide. In many countries, cleared land is burned, completely freeing any remaining carbon directly to the atmosphere.

The amount of carbon sequestered in Canadian peatlands is equivalent to 100 years worth of fossil-fuel combustion (11).

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Other impacts

Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and usingnitrogen-based fertilizers release greenhouse gases. Climate changing emissions trap heat in our atmosphere, altering long-term weather patterns, or climate. Where rains once fell, there is drought. When there was frost, there is unseasonable heat. Our actions will affect forests and their inhabitants in many other ways (12):

• Changes in ecological relationships, leading to the loss of cold climate species, especially near the southern limit of their ranges
• Loss of waterfowl habitat due to drying up of lakes and sloughs
• Degradation of peatlands and mass release of carbon dioxide as water levels drop
• Dropping timber production and tree growth with warmer, drier weather patterns and decreased survival rate in seedlings (13)

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What to do

While forestry and forestry products are a valuable part of our provincial economy, we must consider their impact on climate change. If not, disrupted and climate-stressed forests may force unpleasant decisions on us in the future (14).:

• Ensure that AFFORESTATION, not deforestation, takes place in Manitoba – harvesting wood while encouraging carbon uptake in new plant growth by replanting with suitable species.
• Increase the standing inventory of biomass - actively or passively cultivate forests specifically for carbon sequestration.
• Reducing carbon emissions by substituting wood for non-wood products such as cement, which release large quantities of carbon dioxide.
• Salvaging dead trees and re-using other wood products.

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